Art Lesson: Hatching

There are only a few elements one can use to make a successful pencil or ink drawing. These are line, shape and value. They way in which you make value is with hatching or shading. The act of hatching is drawing lines or patterns of distinct density to show value. The more hatch marks in a small area, the darker the value. This is especially true with pen and ink where you cannot soften the line by applying less pressure, as you can with a pencil. For an art lesson on shading, click here. There are several types of hatching one can use to create a drawing. (Click on the images below to see larger versions and more detail of the hatching techniques)

The first is straight hatching. In this manner, hatch marks are all drawn in the same direction across the paper. Consistency is important so that any change in value represent a change on the object.


A second is cross hatching. In this instance, hatch marks are made in two different directions. One set of marks goes in one direction and then another layer of marks is drawn over the first in a different direction. By adding the second layer, one can more quickly darken an area then with straight hatching. One thing to be careful of is drawing your lines perpendicular to each other. When perpendicular, the lines begin to look like a grid, or screen, and flattens the image instead of creating volume and form, which is the general purpose of value.

The third type of hatching is contour hatching. Contour hatching is the act of drawn hatch marks in a manner that mimics the surface of the object. On a spherical surface the marks will curve around the object. On a smooth surface the hatch marks will be straight. On an undulating object the marks will undulate. It can sometimes be confusing to figure out which direction to draw your hatch marks. It takes some experimenting.

The final technique discussed here is stippling. This is the act of drawing with small dots. The more dots in an area, the darker the value. Stippling takes much longer than the other forms of hatching, but can have a very stunning effect. Expert stipplers create small round dots. If you zoom in on my dots you will see that many are not perfectly round, but have a tail or are small marks. Using a technical pen can help in making round dots.

Play around with hatching to figure how to add value and beauty to your drawings.

What's beautiful in your life?
http://www.markgranlund.com/

Art Lesson: Painting Detailed Watercolors

People ask me how do I paint such small detail in my watercolors. The images on my website, although accurate, do not represent all the detail of the originals.

If painting small detail in watercolor, here are a few things to do to be successful.

Paper
When I know I am going to be painting in great detail I always paint on a good quality hot press watercolor paper. Hot press papers have a smooth surface, whereas cold press papers have a textured surface. When painting details, the texture of the paper can get in the way. The hot press process uses hot paper pulp and then, as it cools into a sheet form, it shrinks and becomes smooth. Arches and Fabriano are my favorite brands of hot press paper for watercolor painting.

Brushes
To paint small, you need small brushes, or at least a small point on your brush. The smallest brush I use is smaller than "000". But the brush I use most often is a "4" that had been worn down over the years to a very fine point. When I need a lot of control to make the detail, I use a small brush. When the detail can be freer, like hairs or some leaf veins, I use the bigger brush with the fine point.

Visual Aids
The number one necessity for painting details is to be able to see them. If you don't see it you can't paint it! This will mean having the object in front of you in a manner that allows you to investigate it. If you can do this with your eyes alone, great. I still can, but I also see the day for reading glasses is not far off. Sometimes I will use a magnifying glass to see the object better and also to look at my painting while I am making detailed strokes. Using a camera to capture detail and shape is helpful, too. Using an extreme closeup photograph of an object "freezes" the details for you to see.



Technique
Using the right tools is necessary for creating detail, but using certain techniques when painting is also improtant.
- Sketching: When needing to create small detail it is helpful to draw the image accurately first. This allows you to know exactly where the detail is, what it will look like and how to portray it in two-dimensions. With watercolor, if you start by painting a detail in the wrong place, even a sixteenth of an inch, your detail can be ruined. Because of the transparent quality of watercolor, most everything you paint will show through in the end. If your detailed edge needs to be crisp and you have started it in the wrong place, it will not be as crisp as starting in the right place. So, get in the habit of making studies and sketches to know exactly where your details are going.
- Layering: Layering is a tricky technique for beginners to understand. One can create detail by creating different aspects of the detail in different layers of paint. In this cabbage detail, I first painted the values of the leaf, then I painted the color in the veins, then I painted the bluish color on the surface of the leaves and in the shadows, and finally I added more veins on the topmost layer. It is hard at first to understand how to paint different aspects of detail using different layers, but if you can break it down into two or three easy steps it is easier than trying to do it all in one layer. With the layering and transparency of watercolor it is often more visually pleasing to create details with layers.

What's beautiful in your life?
http://www.markgranlund.com/

Art Lesson: Improving Composition

The Set Up
When drawing a flower, or some other subject, you might feel you captured what was in front of you well enough but something just doesn't seem satisfying about the drawing. Your composition might be part of the problem. Below is a line drawing of some daylily blossoms growing in my front yard. I wanted to focus on the blooms, I love their color, and wanted to create this drawing as a sketch for a painting I would do later. When I was finished drawing the sketch I felt I captured what was in front of me rather accurately.

Unfortunatley, upon further review, my drawing felt cluttered to me while at the same time seemed to have too much space in it. The overall effect was not pleasing. Often when you are unsure about your artwork you might have conflicting opinions about the same drawing.

Despite what is in front of you, sometimes you have to rearrange your composition to make your drawing stronger and more interesting. Mother nature does not always face the best composed view of her beauties towards us. Now, moving things slightly to create a stronger composition is different than lying. I do not condone making things up, but I do encourage students to find the composition that best reflects their subject. What changes would you make?


What changes did I make?
Change 1: The buds located behind the lower bloom were partially hidden from view. The stem for the buds also lined-up awkwardly with the edge of the petal in front of it. I decided to bring these buds up above the bloom petals so the viewer could see them. I often represent a plant in different stages of development. This was an opportunity for that.

Change 2: In front of the lower bloom is a spent bloom that has curled up and will fall off the plant soon. This was blocking the open bloom. I pivoted the spent bloom on the stem so that it was no longer blocking the open bloom. I placed its stem parallel to the edge of the open bloom petal for a strong sense of space between them. The spent bloom is now horizontal to the bottom of the composition which gives the drawing added strength and a base on which to build.

Change 3: I removed some of the extra buds and branches in the background. These created too much clutter. In botanical art, it is common to cut out parts of a plant in order to better express the plant. But, the fact that something has been removed is expressed by truncating the stem not simply by removing it as if it never existed.

Change 4: The composition was still a bit leggy, I felt that there was too much space between the two blooms. I compacted the composition by moving the entire back bloom section down closer to the front bloom. Day lilies bloom in clusters, and this change provided that feeling, as well as creating a more compact and powerful composition. The final composition is square with a strong horizontal element at the bottom; very strong.

Below is the final drawing of the composition. I was quite happy with it. To see the finished painting click here and then on the Gallery link.


















What's beautiful in your life?
http://www.markgranlund.com/